Bladder cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the bladder, the organ in the pelvis that stores urine.

It is the sixth most common cancer in the United States, with an estimated 83,730 new cases and 17,200 deaths expected in 2021 alone. While it can occur at any age, the risk of developing bladder cancer increases with age, with the average age of diagnosis being 73.

There are several known risk factors for bladder cancer, including smoking, exposure to certain chemicals in the workplace, a history of chronic bladder infections, and a family history of the disease. Understanding these risk factors and being aware of the symptoms of bladder cancer can lead to early detection and better outcomes for individuals affected by this disease.

Causes of Bladder Cancer

Smoking: Cigarette smoking is the most significant risk factor for bladder cancer, responsible for nearly half of all cases. The harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke can be absorbed into the bloodstream and excreted in the urine, where they can damage the lining of the bladder over time.

Occupational Exposure: Certain occupations, such as manufacturing, painting, and truck driving, have been associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer due to exposure to chemicals like arsenic, benzene, and diesel fumes.

Chronic Bladder Infections: Individuals with a history of recurring bladder infections may have an increased risk of developing bladder cancer, as the inflammation and irritation caused by these infections can damage the bladder lining.

Symptoms of Bladder Cancer

Blood in the Urine: One of the most common symptoms of bladder cancer is hematuria, or blood in the urine. This can cause the urine to appear red, pink, or dark brown.

Frequent Urination: Individuals with bladder cancer may experience an increased urgency to urinate, as well as more frequent trips to the bathroom, especially at night.

Pelvic Pain: Pain in the pelvic region, especially during urination, can be a sign of advanced bladder cancer that has spread to nearby tissues.

Diagnosis and Staging

Cystoscopy: A cystoscopy is a procedure in which a flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the bladder to allow a doctor to examine the bladder lining for any abnormal areas that may indicate cancer.

Biopsy: If suspicious areas are found during a cystoscopy, a biopsy may be performed to remove a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Staging: Bladder cancer is staged based on the extent of the disease, ranging from stage 0 (non-invasive) to stage IV (advanced and metastatic). Staging helps determine the best treatment approach for each individual.

Treatment Options

Surgery: The main treatment for early-stage bladder cancer is surgical removal of the tumor, known as a transurethral resection. In more advanced cases, a partial or radical cystectomy may be recommended to remove part or all of the bladder.

Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be used before or after surgery to shrink tumors, destroy remaining cancer cells, or reduce the risk of recurrence.

Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy drugs, such as checkpoint inhibitors, work by boosting the body's immune response to target and kill cancer cells. This treatment can be used alone or in combination with other therapies.

Prevention and Outlook

Preventing bladder cancer involves avoiding known risk factors such as smoking, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and staying hydrated by drinking an adequate amount of water each day. Regular medical check-ups and screenings can help detect bladder cancer early when it is most treatable.

The outlook for individuals with bladder cancer varies depending on the stage of the disease at diagnosis and the effectiveness of treatment. Early detection and treatment can significantly improve survival rates and quality of life for those affected by this condition.

Support and Resources

Living with bladder cancer can be challenging both physically and emotionally. It is important for individuals diagnosed with bladder cancer to seek support from healthcare professionals, support groups, and online resources to learn more about the condition and connect with others facing similar challenges.

Various organizations, such as the Bladder Cancer Advocacy Network (BCAN) and the American Cancer Society, offer resources, information, and assistance to individuals affected by bladder cancer and their loved ones.

Understanding Bladder Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment